(May crystallize as the mono- or hemihydrate). From Caesalpinia echinata Lam. (Brazil-wood), or C. sappan L. (sappan-wood), Leguminosae. Isoln and structure: Perkin et al., J. Chem. Soc. 1928, 1504; Pfeiffer et al., Ber. 63, 1301 (1930). Synthesis of (±)-form: Dann, Hofmann, Ann. 667, 116 (1963); Kirkiacharian, Billet, Bull. Soc. Chim. Fr. 1972, 3292. Synthesis, resolution: Morsingh, Robinson, Tetrahedron 26, 281 (1970). Stereochemistry: Craig et al., J. Org. Chem. 30, 1573 (1965); Colour Index vol. 4 (3rd ed., 1971) p 4628. Review: Robinson, Bull. Soc. Chim. Fr. 1958, 125-134.