4456. Gluconic Acid

Nomenclature

CAS number: 526-95-4
d-Gluconic acid; dextronic acid; maltonic acid; glyconic acid; glycogenic acid; pentahydroxycaproic acid.
C6H12O7; mol wt 196.16.
C 36.74%, H 6.17%, O 57.09%.

Description and references

Prepd by oxidation of glucose: H. Hlasiwetz, J. Habermann, Ann. 155, 120 (1870); J. Habermann, ibid. 162, 297 (1872). Fermentative prepn using Aspergillus niger: K. Bernhauer, L. Schulof, US 1849053 (1932 to Pfizer); A. J. Moyer et al., Ind. Eng. Chem. 32, 1379 (1940). Review of prepns and uses: F. J. Prescott et al., ibid. 45, 338 (1953); M. Roehr et al. in Biotechnology, Vol. 6, H. Rehm, G. Reed, Eds. (VCH, Weinheim, 2nd ed, 1996) pp 347-362. See also Gluconolactone.

Chemical structure

Properties

Crystals, mp 131°. Mild acid taste. [α]D20 6.7° (c = 1). pK (25°) 3.60. Freely sol in water, slightly sol in alcohol. Insol in ether and most other organic solvents. In aq solns the acid is partially transformed into an equilibrium mixt with gamma and delta gluconolactones.

Derivative

Magnesium salt.

Nomenclature

CAS number: 3632-91-5
Magnesium gluconate; Almora (Forest); Ultra-Mg (Melisana).
C12H22MgO14; mol wt 414.60.
C 34.76%, H 5.35%, Mg 5.86%, O 54.03%.

Description and references

Clinical pharmacokinetics and use as magnesium supplement: J. White et al., Clin. Ther. 14, 678 (1992).

Properties

Also occurs as the dihydrate. Sol in water, slightly sol in alcohol. Insol in ether.

Derivative

Potassium salt.

Nomenclature

CAS number: 299-27-4
Potassium gluconate; Gluconsan K (Kayaku); Kalimozan (Nikken); Kaon (Altana); Potasoral (Bago); Potassuril (Klosterfrau); Tumil-K (Virbac).
C6H11KO7; mol wt 234.25.
C 30.76%, H 4.73%, K 16.69%, O 47.81%.

Properties

Yellowish-white crystals. Stable in air. Mild, slightly saline taste. Dec 180°. Freely sol in water. Practically insol in abs alcohol, ether, benzene, chloroform. Aq solns are alkaline to litmus and have a pH of 7.5-8.5.

Derivative

Sodium salt.

Nomenclature

CAS number: 527-07-1
Sodium gluconate.
C6H11NaO7; mol wt 218.14.
C 33.04%, H 5.08%, Na 10.54%, O 51.34%.

Properties

Crystals. The technical grade may have a pleasant odor. Soly in water at 25°: 59 g/100 ml. Sparingly sol in alcohol. Insol in ether. Aq solns are stable to short boiling periods.

Derivative

Zinc complex.

Nomenclature

CAS number: 4468-02-4
(T-4)-Bis-(d-gluconato-κO1,κO2)zinc; zinc gluconate; Rubozinc (Labcatal).
C12H22O14Zn; mol wt 455.70.
C 31.63%, H 4.87%, O 49.15%, Zn 14.35%.

Description and references

Review of clinical use in treatment of colds: M. L. Garland, K. O. Hagmeyer, Ann. Pharmacother. 32, 63-69 (1998). Clinical trial in inflammatory acne: J. Meynadier, Eur. J. Dermatol. 10, 269 (2000).

Use

Chelating agent. In high alkalinity bottle washes and other cleansers; in finish removers; in the tanning and textile industry.

Therapeutic Category

Magnesium salt as magnesium replenisher; potassium salt as potassium supplement; zinc complex as zinc supplement.

Therapeutic Category (Veterinary)

Potassium salt as potassium supplement.

Keywords

Magnesium Gluconate: Replenishers/Supplements; Magnesium

Zinc Gluconate: Replenishers/Supplements; Zinc

Potassium Gluconate: Replenishers/Supplements; Potassium