From flowers of Gossypium herbaceum L., Malvaceae: Perkin, J. Chem. Soc. 95, 2181 (1909); from flowers of Aesculus hippocastanum L., Hippocastanaceae: Hrhammer, Wagner, Arch. Pharm. 290, 224 (1957); from Tropaeolum majus L., Tropaeolaceae: Delaveau, Compt. Rend. 252, 1510 (1961); from Arnica montana L., Compositae: Friedrick, Naturwissenschaften 49, 541 (1962). Structure: Attree, Perkin, J. Chem. Soc. 1927, 234. Identity with trifoliin and isotrifoliin: Hattori et al., J. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 58, 844 (1937), C.A. 32, 219c (1938). Synthesis: Ice, Wender, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 74, 4606 (1952); eidem, US 2727890 (1955 to the USAEC).