Toxic component of picrotoxin, q.v. Prepn from picrotoxin: Horrmann, Ber. 45, 2090 (1912). Structure: Conroy, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 73, 1889 (1951); 79, 5550 (1957); Craven, Tetrahedron Lett. no. 19, 21 (1960). Total synthesis: E. J. Corey, H. L. Pearce, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 101, 5841 (1979). Structure-activity relationship: C. H. Jarboe et al., J. Med. Chem. 11, 729 (1968). Review: Porter, Chem. Rev. 67, 441 (1967).