Description and references

Synthetic opioid analgesic which also blocks norepinephrine and serotonin reuptake; racemate of (1RS,2RS) forms. Prepn: GB 997399; K. Flick, E. Frankus, US 3652589 (1965, 1972 both to Grünenthal); K. Flick et al., Arzneim.-Forsch. 28, 107 (1978). Series of articles on pharmacology and clinical studies: ibid. 114-219. Toxicology: F. Lagler et al., ibid. 164. Mechanism of action study: R. B. Raffa et al., J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 267, 331 (1993). HPLC determn of enantiomers in plasma: M. A. Campanero et al., J. Chromatogr. A 1031, 219 (2004). HPLC determn in pharmaceutical formulations: M. Zecevic et al., ibid. 1119, 251 (2006). Use as probe for cytochrome P450 2D6 phenotyping: R. S. Pedersen et al., Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 77, 458 (2005). Review of pharmacology and clinical efficacy: S. Grond, A. Sablotzki, Clin. Pharmacokinet. 43, 879-923 (2004); of abuse potential: D. H. Epstein et al., Biol. Psychol. 73, 90-99 (2006); of therapeutic potential in osteoarthritis: M. S. Cepeda et al., J. Rheumatol. 34, 543-555 (2007).

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