From root of Piper methysticum Forst., Piperaceae (kava): Winzhermer, Arch. Pharm. 246, 338 (1908); Borsche, Gerhardt, Ber. 47, 2902 (1914). From Ranunculus quelpaertensis Nakai, Ranunculaceae: Shibata et al., Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 45, 930 (1972). Structure: Chmielewska et al., Tetrahedron 4, 36 (1958); Bu'Lock, Smith, J. Chem. Soc. 1960, 502. Synthesis: Harris, Combs, J. Org. Chem. 33, 2399 (1968); R. Bacardit, J. Heterocycl. Chem. 19, 157 (1982). Molecular and crystal structure: Engel, Nowacki, Z. Kristallogr. Kristallgeom. Kristallphys. Kristallchem. 134, 180 (1971). Activity studies: Kretzschmar et al., Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. Ther. 180, 471 (1969).