Folate Receptor Targeting and Cathepsin B-Sensitive Drug Delivery System for Selective Cancer Cell Death and Imaging


Abstract

In this work, a folate receptor (FR)-mediated dual-targeting drug delivery system was synthesized to improve the tumor-killing efficiency and inhibit the side effects of anticancer drugs. We designed and synthesized an FR-mediated fluorescence probe (FA-Rho) and FR-mediated cathepsin B-sensitive drug delivery system (FA-GFLG-SN38). FA-GFLG-SN38 is composed of the FR ligand (folic acid, FA), the tetrapeptide substrate for cathepsin B (GFLG), and an anticancer drug (SN38). The rhodamine B (Rho)-labeled probe FA-Rho is suitable for specific fluorescence imaging of SK-Hep-1 cells overexpressing FR and inactive in FR-negative A549 and 16-HBE cells. FA-GFLG-SN38 exhibited strong cytotoxicity against FR-overexpressing SK-Hep-1, HeLa, and Siha cells, with IC50 values of 2-3 μM, but had no effect on FR-negative A549 and 16-HBE cells. The experimental results show that the FA-CFLG-SN38 drug delivery system proposed by us can effectively inhibit tumor proliferation in vitro, and it can be adopted for the diagnostics of tumor tissues and provide a basis for effective tumor therapy.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no competing financial interest.

Figures

Scheme 1
Scheme 1. Synthesis of (A) FA-GFLG-SN38 and (B) FA-Rho
Figure 1
Figure 1
Release of the SN38 drug from FA-GFLG-SN38 promoted by CTSB. (A) Images of different solutions (a, SN38; b, FA-GFLG-SN38; c, FA-GFLG-SN38 with CTSB; d, FA-GFLG-SN38 with CTSB and CA-074 Me) under (left) visible-light and (right) UV irradiation. (B) Release of SN38 from FA-GFLG-SN38 monitored using a fluorometer (λex = 365 nm, λem = 540 nm). (C) Release of SN38 from FA-GFLG-SN38 in the presence of CTSB monitored using RP-HPLC (detection at 254 nm) and mass spectrometry (a, FA-GFLG-SN38; b, FA-linker-Gly-Phe-OH ([M + Na]+m/z = 1114.7); c, SN38).
Scheme 2
Scheme 2. Cleavage of FA-GFLG-SN38 by CTSB
Figure 2
Figure 2
Fluorescence imaging of cells treated with FA-Rho. (a–c) SK-Hep-1 cancer cells were incubated with (a) 5 μM FA-Rho for 24 h, (b) 3 mM FA for 1 h and then 5 μM FA-Rho for 24 h, and (c) 20 μM CA-074 Me for 24 h and then 5 μM FA-Rho for 24 h. (d) A549 cancer cells were incubated with 5 μM FA-Rho for 24 h. (e) 16-HBE normal cells were incubated with 5 μM FA-Rho for 24 h. Hoechst 33342 (1 μg/mL) was used to stain the nuclei. The incubated cells were imaged with confocal microscopy.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Fluorescence imaging of cells treated with FA-GFLG-SN38. (a–c) SK-Hep-1 cancer cells were incubated with (a) 5 μM FA-GFLG-SN38 for 24 h, (b) 3 mM FA for 1 h and then 5 μM FA-GFLG-SN38 for 24 h, and (c) 20 μM CA-074 Me for 24 h and then 5 μM FA-GFLG-SN38 for 24 h. (d) A549 cancer cells were incubated with 5 μM FA-GFLG-SN38 for 24 h. (e) 16-HBE normal cells were incubated with 5 μM FA-GFLG-SN38 for 24 h. Hoechst 33342 (1 μg/mL) was used to stain the nuclei. The incubated cells were imaged with confocal microscopy.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Cancer and 16-HBE cells were incubated with various concentrations of (A) FA-GFLG-SN38 or (B) free SN38 for 72 h. Cell viability was measured with the MTT assay.

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