Magnetic delivery of antitumor carboplatin by using PEGylated-Niosomes


Abstract

To improve the efficiency of niosomal drug delivery, here we employed two tactics. First, niosomes were magnetized using Fe3O4@SiO2 mangnetic nanoparticles, and second, their surface was modified by PEGylation. PEGylation was intended for increasing the bioavailability of niosomes, and magnetization was used for rendering them capable of targeting specific tissues. These PEGylated magnetic niosomes were also loaded with Carboplatin, an antitumor drug. Next, these niosomes were studied in terms of size, morphology, zeta potential, and drug entrapment efficiency. Then, the in vitro drug release from these modified niosomes was compared to that of both naked and nonmagnetized niosomes. Interestingly, although loading of naked-niosomes with magnetic particles lead to an increase in the rate of drug release, PEGylation of these magnetized niosomes caused a more sustained drug release. Thus, PEGylation of magnetic niosomes, besides improving their bioavailability, caused a slower and sustained release of the drug over time. Finally, studying the in vitro effectives of niosomal formulations towards MCF-7, a breast cancer cell line, showed that PEGylated magnetic niosomes had a satisfactory toxicity towards these cells in the presence of an external magnetic field. In conclusion, PEGylated magnetic niosomes showed enhanced qualities regarding the controlled release and delivery of drug. Graphical abstract ?.

Keywords: Carboplatin; Magnetic particles; Niosomes; PEGylation; Targeted drug delivery.

Conflict of interest statement

We confirm that there are no known conflicts of interest associated with this manuscript.

Figures

Graphical abstract
Graphical abstract
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Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Characterization of the magnetic NPs. Analysis and comparison of the synthesized NPs (Fe3O4 and Fe3O4@SiO2) are presented. a SEM analysis of the magnetic NPs; panel A is Fe3O4 and panel B is Fe3O4@SiO2 particles. b XRD pattern of both Fe3O4 (top/red pattern) and Fe3O4@SiO2 (bottom/blue pattern). c FTIR spectrum of Fe3O4 (top) and Fe3O4@SiO2 (bottom). d VSM analysis of the iron oxide NPs
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Comparison of two niosomal preparations by SEM. (Panel A) PEGylated-niosomes containing both Carboplatin and magnetic NPs, and (Panel B) Naked-niosomes loaded with Carboplatin and magnetic NPs
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
The amount of drug released from different formulations over time. The cumulative release of Carboplatin from five different formulations at 37?°C over a period of 900?min is shown. D stands for drug (Carboplatin), and M is magnetic NPs (Fe3O4@SiO2)
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
Effectivness of niosomal preparations in inhibiting MCF-7 cell line. The viability of MCF-7 cancer cell line after treatment with various niosomal preparations is shown. PEGylated-niosomes loaded with drug and NPs were the most potent formulation in the presence of a magnetic field. Abbreviations: N represents niosomes; pN is the PEGylated-niosomes; D means drug; M represents the magnetic NPs, and MF stands for the magnetic field. Each column represents the average of three different experiments
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