Description and references

Potent sodium channel activators found in a wide variety of fish, the toxins were ultimately traced to a dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus spp. Family of lipid soluble polyether toxins responsible for ciguatera food poisoning; structural variations are associated with the oceanic region from which the dinoflagellate originates. Isoln from eels: P. J. Scheuer et al., Science 155, 1267 (1967). Purification from dinoflagellate: R. Bagnis et al., Rev. Int. Oceanogr. Med. 45-46, 29 (1977). Structure: M. Murata et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 112, 4380 (1990). Purification and characterization of 3 major forms CTX 1-3: R. J. Lewis et al., Toxicon 29, 1115 (1991); absolute configuration: M. Satake et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 119, 11325 (1997). Isoln and characterization of Pacific CTX: R. J. Lewis, A. Jones, Toxicon 35, 159 (1997); of Caribbean CTX: J.-P. Vernoux, R. J. Lewis, ibid. 889; of Indian CTX: B. Hamilton et al., ibid. 40, 685 (2002). Effect on sodium channels: J.-N. Bidard et al., J. Biol. Chem. 259, 8353 (1984); E. Benoit et al., Neuroscience 71, 1121 (1996). Review of use as research tool: J. Molgo et al., Methods Neurosci. 8, 149-164 (1992); of mechanism of action: C. Frelin et al., ACS Symp. Ser. 418, 192-199 (1996); of neurobiological actions: C. Mattei et al., J. Soc. Biol. 193, 329-344 (1999).

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