Description and references

Found in chitin, in mucoproteins, and in mucopolysaccharides. Isoln from chitin: Ledderhose, Z. Physiol. Chem. 2, 213 (1878); Hackman, Aust. J. Biol. Sci. 7, 168 (1954). Synthesis: Fischer, Leuchs, Ber. 35, 3787 (1902); 36, 24 (1903). Separation of α- and β-forms: Westphal, Holzmann, ibid. 75B, 1274 (1942). Structure: Haworth et al., J. Chem. Soc. 1939, 271; Cutler, Peat, ibid. 782; Cox, Jeffrey, Nature 143, 894 (1939). Pharmacokinetics in dog and man: I. Setnikar et al., Arzneim.-Forsch. 36, 729 (1986). HPTLC/densitometry determn in herbal supplement: V. Esters et al., J. Chromatogr. A 1112, 156 (2006). HPLC determn in plasma and bioequivalence: L. Zhang et al., J. Chromatogr. B 842, 8 (2006). Antioxidant activity and immunostimulating properties: Y. Yan et al., Int. Immunopharmacol. 7, 29 (2007). Clinical trials in arthrosis: Y. Vajarudal, Clin. Ther. 3, 336 (1981); M. J. Tapadinhas et al., Pharmatherapeutica 3, 157 (1982). Review: Foster, Stacey, “The Chemistry of the 2-Amino Sugars” in C. S. Hudson et al., Advan. Carbohyd. Chem. vol. 7 (Academic Press, New York, 1952) pp 247-288. Review of pharmacology, toxicology and clinical efficacy: J. W. Anderson et al., Food Chem. Toxicol. 43, 187-201 (2005).

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