4459. Glucose
Nomenclature
Description and references
A main source of energy for living organisms. Occurs naturally and in the free state in fruits and other parts of plants. Combined in glucosides, in di- and oligosaccharides, in the polysaccharides cellulose and starch, and in glycogen. Normal human blood contains 0.08-0.1%. Manuf on a large scale from starch: Dean, Gottfried, Adv. Carbohydr. Chem. 5, 127 (1950). Below 50°, α-d-glucose hydrate is the stable cryst form, above 50° the anhydr form is obtained and at still higher temps β-d-glucose is formed: W. Pigman, The Carbohydrates (Academic Press, New York, 1957) p 92. Structure: Kjaer, Lindberg, Acta Chem. Scand. 13, 1713 (1959). Conformation: E. Percival, Structural Carbohydrate Chemistry (J. Garnet Miller, London, 1962) pp 51-57. Comprehensive monograph: H. Bartelheimer et al., d-Glucose und verwandte Verbindungen in Medizin und Biologie (Enke, Stuttgart, 1966) 1126 pp.
Derivative
α-Form monohydrate.Properties
Crystals from water, mp 83°. [α]D +102.0° → +47.9° (water). 0.74 times as sweet as sucrose. One gram dissolves in about 1 ml water and in about 60 ml alcohol.Derivative
α-Form anhydr.Properties
Crystals from hot ethanol or water, mp 146°. [α]D +112.2° → +52.7° (c = 10 in water). The final value is obtained instantly in the presence of hydroxyl ions. Formula for varying concns: [α]D20 +52.5° + 0.0188p (p = g/100 ml). pH of 0.5 molar aq soln 5.9. d17.517.5 of water solns w/v: 5% = 1.019; 10% = 1.038; 20% = 1.076; 30% = 1.113; 40% = 1.149. nD20 10% soln 1.3479. One gram dissolves in 1.1 ml water at 25°; in 0.8 ml at 30°; in 0.41 ml at 50°; in 0.28 ml at 70°; in 0.18 ml at 90°; in 120 ml methanol at 20°. Very sparingly sol in abs alcohol, ether, acetone; sol in hot glacial acetic acid, pyridine, aniline.Derivative
β-Form.Properties
Crystals from hot water + ethanol, from dil acetic acid, or from pyridine, mp 148-155°. [α]D +18.7° → +52.7° (c = 10 in water).Therapeutic Category
Antihypoglycemic; fluid and nutrient replenisher.
Therapeutic Category (Veterinary)
Antihypoglycemic; fluid and nutrient replenisher.Keywords
Antihypoglycemic; Replenishers/Supplements; Nutrient