Isoln from Halostachis caspica (Halostachis caspia): Menshikov, Rubinshtein, J. Gen. Chem. USSR 13, 801 (1943), C.A. 39, 1172 (1945). Synthesis: Menshikov, Borodina, J. Gen. Chem. USSR 17, 1569 (1947), C.A. 42, 2245 (1948). Configuration: Lukes et al., Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 26, 466 (1961). As a possible cause of ryegrass staggers: Aasen et al., Aust. J. Agric. Res. 20, 71 (1969). TLC determn in rye and fescue grasses: L. P. Bush, J. A. D. Jeffreys, J. Chromatogr. 111, 165 (1975). Vasoactive potential: C. B. Davis et al., Vet. Hum. Toxicol. 25, 6 (1983). One pot synthesis: P. Zandbergen et al., Tetrahedron 48, 3977 (1992).