Highly efficient palladacycle catalyst; exists in a monomer/dimer equilibrium in soln. Prepn: M. Beller et al., DE 4421753 (1995 to Hoechst); eidem, US 5831107 (1998 to Aventis); and catalytic applications: W. A. Herrmann et al., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 34, 1844 (1995); eidem, Chem. Eur. J. 3, 1357 (1997); W. A. Herrmann et al., J. Chem. Educ. 77, 92 (2000). EXAFS characterization: S. G. Fiddy et al., Chem. Commun. 2003, 2682. Catalysis mechanism in the Heck reaction: V. P. W. Bhm, W. A. Herrmann, Chem. Eur. J. 7, 4191 (2001). Review of catalytic applications: A. Speicher et al., J. Prakt. Chem. 341, 605-608 (1999).