From leaves and roots of Securinega suffruticosa Rehder, Euphorbiaceae found in the Ussuri region: Murav'eva, Ban'kovskii, C.A. 50, 17335c (1956); eidem, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 110, 998 (1956), C.A. 51, 8121a (1957). Improved extraction process: Kogan et al., GB 116947l (1959 to All-Union Sci. Res. Inst. of Medicinal Plants), C.A. 72, 47349x (1970) corresp to US 3538103 (1970). Structure: Satoda et al., Tetrahedron Lett. 1962, 1199; Mukherjee et al., Naturwissenschaften 50, 155 (1963); Saito et al., Tetrahedron 19, 2085 (1963). Stereochemistry: Nakano et al., Chem. Ind. (London) 1963, 1034; Parello et al., Bull. Soc. Chim. Fr. 1963, 898; Nakano et al., J. Org. Chem. 28, 2619 (1963); Horii et al., Tetrahedron 19, 2101 (1963); Imado et al., Chem. Ind. (London) 1964, 1691. Synthesis of the racemate: Saito et al., Chem. Pharm. Bull. 14, 313, 1059 (1966); Horii et al., Tetrahedron 23, 1165 (1967). Toxicology study: S. L. Friess et al., Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 3, 347 (1961).