Description and references

Non-essential amino acid for human development; precursor for the synthesis of thyroid hormones and select neurotransmitters, such as dopamine and norepinephrine. May be considered essential by the brain. Name derived from the Greek “tyros” for “cheese” from which it was first identified and isolated: J. Liebig, Ann. 57, 127 (1846); idem, ibid. 62, 257 (1847). Early chemistry and biochemistry: Amino Acids and Proteins, D. M. Greenberg, Ed. (Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, IL, 1951) 950 pp., passim; J. P. Greenstein, M. Winitz, Chemistry of the Amino Acids vol 1-3 (John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 1961) pp. 2348-2367, passim. Synthesis of labeled form: Y. Watanabe et al., Acta Radiol. 376 (Suppl.), 110 (1991). Intrinsic fluorophore in proteins; used in characterizing structure and conformational changes: V. Giancotti et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta 624, 60 (1980); S. T. Ferreira et al., Biophys. J. 66, 1185 (1994); B. Kierdaszuk et al., Photochem. Photobiol. 61, 319 (1995). Review of determn in blood: E. Robins, Methods Biochem. Anal. 17, 287-309 (1969). Review of neurotransmitter synthesis: C. J. Gibson, Retina 2, 332-340 (1982). Review of toxicity: C. Laberge et al., Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 206, 209-221 (1986). Review of post-translational phosphorylation: S. Atherton-Fessler et al., Semin. Cell Biol. 4, 433-442 (1993); sulfation: C. Niehrs et al., Chem. Biol. Interact. 92, 257-271 (1994).

Properties

Derivative

Derivative