Secondary base from Veratrum grandiflorum (Maxim.) Loes. f., and from V. viride Ait., Liliaceae. Isoln and structure: Saito, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 15, 22 (1940); Jacobs, Craig, J. Biol. Chem. 160, 555 (1945); Jacobs, Sato, ibid. 181, 55 (1949); 191, 71 (1951); Tamm, Wintersteiner, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 74, 3842 (1952); Wintersteiner, Festschrift Arthur Stoll (Birkhuser-Verlag, Basel) pp 166-176. Total synthesis: Masamune et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 89, 4521 (1967); Johnson et al., ibid. 4523; Masamune et al., Tetrahedron 27, 3369 (1971); Kutney et al., Can. J. Chem. 53, 1796 (1975). Stereochemistry: Sicher, Tichy, Tetrahedron Lett. 1959(12), 6 (1959); Kataoka, Chem. Ind. (London) 1961, 512; Bailey et al., Tetrahedron Lett. 1963, 555. Revised stereochemistry: Scott et al., ibid. 1967, 2381; Kupchan, Suffness, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 90, 2730 (1968); Sprague et al., Tetrahedron 27, 4857 (1971). See also: Veratrum Viride.