Characteristic C9 amino acid of cyclosporins, q.v. Identification in cyclosporin A: A. Ruegger et al., Helv. Chim. Acta 59, 1075 (1976). Syntheses: R. M. Wenger, ibid. 66, 2308 (1983); D. A. Evans, A. E. Weber, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 108, 6757 (1986); U. Schmidt, W. Siegel, Tetrahedron Lett. 28, 2849 (1987). Appears to be necessary for full biological activity of cyclosporin: R. M. Wenger, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 24, 77 (1985); D. H. Rich et al., J. Med. Chem. 29, 978 (1986).