Prepn: Zima, Schorre, US 3010966 (1961 to E. Merck); Iwanami et al., Bitamin 36, 122 (1967); J. Vitaminol. 14, 321, 326 (1968). HPLC determn in urine: K. Kitao et al., Chem. Pharm. Bull. 25, 1335 (1977). Pharmacokinetics and metabolism: Darge et al., Arzneim.-Forsch. 19, 5, 9, (1969); Nowak, Schorre, ibid. 11. Clinical trial in dementia: S. Hoyer et al., ibid. 27, 671 (1977); A. J. Cooper, R. V. Magnus, Pharmatherapeutica 2, 317 (1980); in cerebrovascular disorders: Y. Tazaki et al., J. Int. Med. Res. 8, 118 (1980).
Nootropic.
Nootropic