Description and references

Precursor of the coenzymes NAD and NADP, q.q.v. Widely distributed in nature; appreciable amounts are found in liver, fish, yeast and cereal grains. Dietary deficiency is associated with pellagra. The term “niacin” has also been applied to nicotinamide, q.v., or to other derivatives exhibiting the biological activity of nicotinic acid. Prepn by oxidation of alkyl β-substituted pyridines: A. Ladenburg, Ann. 301, 152 (1898). Synthesis from pyridine: S. M. McElvain, M. A. Goese, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 63, 2283 (1941). Prepn by oxidation of nicotine: S. M. McElvain, Org. Synth. coll. vol. I, 385 (1941); C. F. Woodward et al., Ind. Eng. Chem. 36, 540, 544 (1944). Toxicity study: F. G. Brazda, R. A. Coulson, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 62, 19 (1946). LC determn in foods: G. W. Chase, Jr. et al., J. AOAC Int. 76, 390 (1993). Lipid-modifying effect in diabetic patients: M. B. Elam et al., J. Am. Med. Assoc. 284, 1263 (2000). Review of nutritional requirements, bioavailability and relationship with tryptophan: W. J. Darby et al., Nutr. Rev. 33, 289-297 (1975); of biosynthesis, metabolism and physiological effects: L. M. Henderson, Annu. Rev. Nutr. 3, 289-307 (1983); of pharmacology and therapeutic uses: J. R. DiPalma, W. S. Thayer, ibid. 11, 169-187 (1991). Review: “Niacin: Nicotinic Acid, Nicotinamide, NAD(P)” in Vitamins, W. Friedrich, Ed. (Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, 1988) pp 473-542.

Properties

Derivative

Derivative